The four largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht. Nevertheless, it is the world's second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products by value, owing to its fertile soil, mild climate, intensive agriculture, and inventiveness. With a population of 17.8 million people, all living within a total area of 41,850 km 2 (16,160 sq mi)-of which the land area is 33,500 km 2 (12,900 sq mi)-the Netherlands is the 16th most densely populated country, with a density of 531 people per square kilometre (1,380 people/sq mi). During this time, its trading companies, the Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India Company, established colonies and trading posts all over the world. In the Republican period, which began in 1588, the Netherlands entered a unique era of political, economic, and cultural greatness, ranked among the most powerful and influential in Europe and the world this period is known as the Dutch Golden Age. Most of the areas below sea level, known as polders, are the result of land reclamation that began in the 14th century. Netherlands literally means "lower countries" in reference to its low elevation and flat topography, with nearly 26% falling below sea level. Dutch, English and Papiamento are official in the Caribbean territories. The official language is Dutch, with West Frisian as a secondary official language in the province of Friesland. It shares maritime borders with the United Kingdom, Germany and Belgium. It also has a border with France on the split island of Saint Martin in the Caribbean. The Netherlands consists of twelve provinces it borders Germany to the east, and Belgium to the south, with a North Sea coastline to the north and west. It is the largest of four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Netherlands ( Dutch: Nederland i), informally Holland, is a country located in northwestern Europe with overseas territories in the Caribbean.
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